The Four Noble Truths (四聖諦 사성제 catvāri āryasatyāni) are the foundational teachings of Buddhism that outline the nature of suffering and the path to liberation.
사성제는 불교 교리의 핵심이며, 고통의 원인을 알고, 고통에서 벗어나 열반에 이르도록 돕는 가르침입니다.
Dukkha (고성제 苦聖諦 Suffering) is an innate characteristic of transient existence; nothing is permanent, and that is suffering. The first truth, suffering, is an impermanent characteristic of existence in the realm of continuous rebirth, called samsara (wandering).There are eight different types of suffering:
1-4.生老病死 Birth, Aging, Getting Sick, and Dying.
5. 원증회고(怨憎會苦) 미워하는 것을 만나는 괴로움. Meeting ones you dislike.
6. 애별리고(愛別離苦) -사랑하는 것과 헤어지는 괴로움. Separating from ones you like.
7.구부득고(求不得苦) -구하는 바를 얻지 못하는 괴로움. Not getting the ones you want.
8. 오음성고(五陰盛苦) - Suffering caused by Rupa(색 色), Vedana(수 受), Samjna(상 相), Samskara(행 行),
Vijnana(식 識).육체의 본능에 의한 괴로움. 오음이란 곧 5온(五蘊)으로 다섯 가지 집착의 쌓임이 모두 고통이라는 뜻이다. 여기서 다섯 가지 집착의 쌓임이란 육신에 집착하는 것 (색), 감각적인 것에 집착하는 것(수), 지각하는 것에 집착하는 것(상), 의지에 집착하는 것(행), 의식에 집착하는 것(식)을 말한다. 즉 오음성고는 우리 육신을 구성하고 있는 다섯 가지 요소가 치성해서 일어나는 고통을 말한다. 대개 물리적ㆍ심리적ㆍ정신적 5종 요소로 형성되어 있는 생명 존재를 오음신(五陰身)이라 부른다.
색(色)은 물질이다. 우리의몸을 포함해 이 우주전체가 색이다. 우리가 눈,코,귀,혀,몸으로 보고 듣고, 맡고, 맛보고, 느낄수 있는 모든대상이 색(色)이다.
This, rupa 색 色, includes everything: emptiness in space, color, objects, sun, sea, sky, homes, air, H2O, CO2, oxygen, light, smells, heat, cold, taste, and stars in our galaxy and universe.
수(feeling 수 受)는 색과색의 부딪힘이다.
Vedana(Feeling 수 受) is collision between (among) Rupas(색 色).
곧 우리가 눈,코,귀,혀,몸으로 보고, 맡고, 듣고, 맛보고, 느끼는것이 수(受)다.
이렇게 색과색이 부딪힌 다음에, 좋다, 싫다, 아니면 무반응의 감정이 일어나는데 이것이 상(perception)이다.
Samjna(상 相) is a perception (like, dislike, or neither like or dislike) that results from Vedana.
행(Volition/Intention/Action)은 상(相)에반응하여 나타나는 행위이다. 좋으면 취하고자 하고 싫으면 피하고자 하는 행위자체 (마음먹거나 아니면 행위)로 옮기는것이 행()이다.
Samskara, (行 행 Volition Intention Action) is a reaction to Samjna(상 相).
그리고 이러한 수->상->행의 과정을 거치고나서 마음속에 어떠한 일이나 상황, 아니면 사람에대한 관념과 인식이 자리를 잡게되는데 그것이 오음의 마지막인 식() 이다. 오음성고()는 곧 오음이 치성하다는 말이고 다른말로는 번뇌망상이 치성하다는 말. 곧 번뇌망상이 고()라는 말이다.
Vijnana(식 識) is the end result of the process of Vedana -> Samjna -> Samskara.
This is what gets stored into your conscience in the form of discriminating knowledge, experience, or karma. These are the bases of all thoughts and actions, evil or good, and that which is suffering.
Samudaya (집성제 集聖諦 Cause of Suffering): together with this transient world and its suffering, there is also thirst, craving for, and attachment to this transient, unsatisfactory existence. To end suffering, the four noble truths tell us, one needs to know how and why suffering arises. The second noble truth explains that suffering arises because of craving, desire, and attachment.
Nirodha(滅聖諦 severance of suffering): the attachment to this transient world and its suffering can be severed or contained by the controlling or letting go of this craving. If the cause of suffering is desire and attachment to various transient things, then the way to end suffering is to eliminate such craving, desire, and attachment.
Marga (道聖諦 ways to extinguish suffering): the Noble Eightfold Path is the path leading to the extinguishing of this desire and attachment, and therefore release from dukkha, suffering.
2. Right Thought 正思惟 정사유 (samyaka-samkalpa / sammā-sankappa) can also be known as "right resolve", "right aspiration", or "right motivation". In this factor, the practitioner resolves to strive toward non-violence (ahimsa) and avoid violent and hateful conduct.
3. Right Speech 正語 정어: no lying, no abusive speech, no divisive speech, no idle chatter.
4. Right Conduct 正業 정업 : no killing or injuring, no taking what is not given, no sexual misconduct, no alcohol, drugs, or gambling, and no lying or fraud.
5. Right Livelihood 正命 정명: no trading in weapons, living beings, meat, liquor, or poisons.
No trading in living beings (human trafficking for sexual exploitation, illegal adoption, organ harvesting, slavery, or live animals), liquor (drug trafficking), or poisons (murders via medical inducements, inventing and dispersing deadly viruses and problematic vaccines for profit), or financial or religious frauds abusing victims' trust and vulnerability.
Choose your profession or, even more importantly, your employment wisely. Do not get involved in a usury or predatory lending business where you create or add more suffering to others.
7. Right Mindfulness 正念 정념 (sati; Satipatthana; Sampajañña): a quality that guards or watches over the mind; the stronger it becomes, the weaker unwholesome states of mind become, weakening their power "to take over and dominate thought, word and deed." In the vipassana movement, sati is interpreted as "bare attention": never be absent minded, being conscious of what one is doing; this encourages the awareness of the impermanence of body, feeling and mind, as well as to experience the five aggregates (skandhas), the five hindrances, the four True Realities and seven factors of awakening.
8. Right Samadhi 正定 정정,三昧,삼매 (passaddhi; ekaggata; sampasadana): practicing four stages of dhyāna ("meditation"), which includes samadhi proper in the second stage, and reinforces the development of the bojjhangā, culminating into upekkhā (equanimity) and mindfulness. In the Theravada tradition and the vipassana movement, this is interpreted as ekaggata, concentration or one-pointedness of the mind, and supplemented with vipassana meditation, which aims at insight.
The Noble Eightfold Path 팔정도(八正道) is the summary of the path of Buddhist practices leading to liberation from samsara, the painful cycle of rebirth, in the form of nirvana.
The eight Buddhist practices in the Noble Eightfold Path are:
1. Right View 正見 정견 (sammā ditthi): our actions have consequences, death is not the end, and our actions and beliefs have consequences even after death. The Buddha followed and taught a successful path out of this world and the other world (heaven and underworld/hell). Later on, right view came to explicitly include karma and rebirth, and the importance of the Four Noble Truths, when "insight" became central to Buddhist soteriology, especially in Theravada Buddhism.올바르게 보는 것, 사물의 진실된 모습을 바르게 인식하는 것.
올바른 생각을 하는 것, 망상이나 악의적인 생각을 버리고 진실하고 자비로운 생각을 하는 것.
올바른 말을 하는 것, 이간질, 거짓말, 비방, 욕설 등을 하지 않고 진실하고 부드러운 말을 하는 것.
올바른 행위를 하는 것, 살생, 도둑질, 사음 등을 하지 않고 선한 행위를 하는 것.
No trading in living beings (human trafficking for sexual exploitation, illegal adoption, organ harvesting, slavery, or live animals), liquor (drug trafficking), or poisons (murders via medical inducements, inventing and dispersing deadly viruses and problematic vaccines for profit), or financial or religious frauds abusing victims' trust and vulnerability.
Choose your profession or, even more importantly, your employment wisely. Do not get involved in a usury or predatory lending business where you create or add more suffering to others.
Do not hold a job that deals with killing or meat handling, i.e., butchers, hunters. These professions do not help those who want to get into Right Samadhi.
Do not be a law person or psychiatrist who protects criminals for profit or sends innocents to an insane asylum or to incarceration.
Do not be medical doctors or health professionals whose primary professional objective is not curing but hurting their patients or victims for profits.
Do not make a living by preaching false/fake/harmful religious/faith doctrines, leading their followers to mindless wastelands and depriving them of their right livelihood.
Do not be medical doctors or health professionals whose primary professional objective is not curing but hurting their patients or victims for profits.
Do not make a living by preaching false/fake/harmful religious/faith doctrines, leading their followers to mindless wastelands and depriving them of their right livelihood.
올바른 생계를 유지하는 것, 정당하지 않은 방법으로 생계를 유지하지 않고 건전한 방법으로 생활하는 것.
6. Right Effort 正精進 정정진: preventing the arising of unwholesome states, and generating wholesome states, the bojjhangā (Seven Factors of Awakening). This includes indriya-samvara, "guarding the sense-doors", restraint of the sense faculties.
올바른 노력을 하는 것, 악을 버리고 선을 증진시키려는 노력을 끊임없이 하는 것.
7. Right Mindfulness 正念 정념 (sati; Satipatthana; Sampajañña): a quality that guards or watches over the mind; the stronger it becomes, the weaker unwholesome states of mind become, weakening their power "to take over and dominate thought, word and deed." In the vipassana movement, sati is interpreted as "bare attention": never be absent minded, being conscious of what one is doing; this encourages the awareness of the impermanence of body, feeling and mind, as well as to experience the five aggregates (skandhas), the five hindrances, the four True Realities and seven factors of awakening.
올바른 마음챙김을 하는 것, 항상 깨어있는 상태를 유지하고 자신의 마음과 몸의 변화를 알아차리는 것.
올바른 선정에 드는 것, 마음을 한 곳에 집중하여 고요하고 평화로운 상태를 얻는 것.
